![]() ![]() First, most of northeastern Europe remained nonliterate, essentially prehistoric, throughout almost the entire first millennium a.d. Although there is no question that few contemporary historical sources survive from early post-Roman western Europe, the use of the term Dark Ages is still problematic for two reasons. For these historians, the earlier medieval period was not just a time of limited literacy and few documentary sources it was a period of intellectual stagnation the accomplishments of medieval people were deemed far less impressive than those of classical antiquity and the Renaissance. used the term Dark Ages to refer to almost all of the European Middle Ages, from the fifth through the twelfth centuries a.d., and they used the term in a pejorative sense. Historians in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries a.d. and ends with reappearance of writing in the eighth century b.c. For example, the Greek Dark Age begins with the collapse of the Mycenaean kingdoms around 1200 b.c. The term "dark age" generally is used to indicate a period of time when historical records are limited or nonexistent. 1000, an era that is outside the scope of this encyclopedia. In many parts of northern Europe, the term "medieval" is used only when referring to the period after a.d. 400–800 is often termed the Late or Germanic Iron Age. are referred to as the Roman Iron Age, while the period c. ![]() In much of northern Europe, the first four centuries a.d. Outside the Roman Empire, however, in regions such as northern Germany and Scandinavia, the first part of this period represents a continuation of the Iron Age way of life. In regions such as Britain, France, and Spain, the replacement of Roman military, political, and economic authority by the barbarian successor kingdoms led to significant social, economic, and political changes. While the term might appear as a straightforward chronological marker, it is most useful in describing regions that were formerly part of the Western Roman Empire. The Early Middle Ages is a term that commonly is used by art historians and others to describe the period beginning with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century and ending with the rise of the Romanesque style of architecture in the eleventh century. Each term has a slightly different meaning, and the terms can be used differently in different parts of Europe. Three terms-the Early Middle Ages, the Migration period, and the Dark Ages-have been used to describe the earlier parts of the medieval period. As a result, much of what scholars have learned about day-to-day life in the earlier Middle Ages in Europe comes from archaeological surveys and excavations. These societies were primarily rural and agricultural, and their documentary records are limited or nonexistent. The earlier parts of the Middle Ages, on the other hand, have much more in common with the barbarian societies of later prehistoric Europe. ![]() Therefore, the archaeology of the High Middle Ages is not included in this encyclopedia. These European societies of the High Middle Ages have many features in common with the ancient Egyptians, the Maya, and other groups known as civilizations or complex societies. Historical records provide valuable information on later medieval life. The High Middle Ages are marked by the growth of urbanism across Europe, the expansion of long distance trade networks, the construction of the great cathedrals, and the establishment of nation-states. By this time, the Vikings had colonized Iceland and Greenland, and Christianity had been adopted throughout most of central and northern Europe. The Late or High Middle Ages begin in the 11th century a.d. Most historians, art historians, and archaeologists subdivide the Middle Ages into an earlier and a later period. ![]() as the Middle Ages or the medieval period. Therefore, most scholars consider the interval between the fifth and the fifteenth centuries a.d. 476, while Columbus's voyages of discovery mark the start of the modern period. The beginning of the Middle Ages is traditionally marked by the fall of the Western Roman Empire in a.d. The Middle Ages are sandwiched between the era of classical antiquity and the modern world. DARK AGES, MIGRATION PERIOD, EARLY MIDDLE AGES ![]()
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